3D Bioplotter Research Papers

The successful replication of the intricate architecture of human tissues remains a major challenge in the biomedical area. Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has emerged as a promising approach for the biofabrication of living tissue analogues, taking advantage of the use of adequate bioinks and printing methodologies. Here, a hydrogel bioink based on gelatin (Gel) and nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC), cross-linked with genipin, was developed for the 3D extrusion-based bioprinting of hepatocarcinoma cells (HepG2). This formulation combines the biological characteristics of Gel with the exceptional mechanical and rheological attributes of NFC. Gel/NFC ink formulations with different Gel/NFC mass compositions, viz., 90:10, 80:20, 70:30,…

Hydrogels are the most common type of bioinks, yet, finding adequate biomaterials to develop suitable bioinks for 3D bioprinting remains challenging. Herein, innovative hydrogel bioinks were developed by combining nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) with a fucose-rich polysaccharide, FucoPol (FP), still unexplored for 3D bioprinting. NFC/FP bioinks with different mass proportions, namely 1:1, 2:1, 3:1 and 4:1, were prepared and denominated as NFC1FP, NFC2FP, NFC3FP and NFC4FP. A formulation without NFC was also prepared for comparison purposes (NFC0FP). The rheological properties of the bioinks were enhanced by the addition of NFC, as evidenced by the increase in shear viscosity from 1.39 ± 0.03 Pa s (NFC0FP)…

The development of bioink formulations with suitable properties is fundamental for the progress of 3D bioprinting. The potential of cellulose, the most abundant biopolymer, in this realm has often been underestimated, relegating it essentially to a reinforcement additive of bioinks. In this work, cell-laden bioink formulations, composed exclusively of cellulose, viz., “all-cellulose bioinks”, were developed by combining carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) in different mass proportions (90/10, 80/20, and 70/30%). The incorporation of NFC increases the printability of the inks (from Pr = 0.7 to 0.9) while maintaining their shear-thinning behavior, and increasing contents of NFC also decrease…

Melanoma is one of the most aggressive types of skin cancer, and the need for advanced platforms to study this disease and to develop new treatments is rising. 3D bioprinted tumor models are emerging as advanced tools to tackle these needs, with the design of adequate bioinks being a fundamental step to address this challenging process. Thus, this work explores the synergy between two biobased nanofibers, nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) and lysozyme amyloid nanofibrils (LNFs), to create pectin nanocomposite hydrogel bioinks for the 3D bioprinting of A375 melanoma cell-laden living constructs. The incorporation of LNFs (5, 10 or 15 wt%) on a…

The use of bioabsorbable and biodegradable composites in the medical field has experienced significant growth. Cellulose nanofibers (CNF) have been employed to reinforce medical-grade poly[ε-caprolactone], enhancing both its load-bearing capacity and stiffness compared to pure polycaprolactone PCL. The manufacturing process involved a series of steps applied to five different grades of PCL/CNF filaments. Initially, melt extrusion and pelletization were performed on the filament, followed by 3D bioplotting to create the specimens. The influence of CNF reinforcement on poly[ε-caprolactone] was evaluated through a range of tests, including rheological, thermomechanical, and in situ micromechanical assessments. To further characterize the samples, Micro-Computed Tomography…