Artificial Stimuli-responsive constructs through 4D fabrication

In the ever-evolving landscape of bioengineering, the current research effort to push the boundaries of biomedical engineering through a multidisciplinary effort using advanced 4D fabrication techniques. This study represents a pioneering effort to create artificial constructs, such as skin, and muscles by leveraging knowledge from material science, mechanical engineering, biomedical engineering and advanced manufacturing. By seamlessly integrating these domains, our approach aims to overcome the inherent complexities associated with tissue engineering. The utilisation of 4D fabrication techniques introduces a dynamic dimension to the fabrication process, allowing for the creation of tissues with intricate spatial and temporal characteristics. The central focus of this work lies in the systematic exploration of 4D fabrication methodologies to engineer functional artificial tissues. The attempt to mimic the structural and functional attributes of muscles and skin necessitates an understanding of the underlying biological processes, coupled with cutting-edge fabrication techniques. Shape morphing polymers, specifically, electro-responsive polymers such as PVDF-HFP and PVC-based materials were developed using careful process control, additives, and solvents combinations. These materials were then 4D fabricated using 4D printing and electrospinning and the results presented showcase the successful application of these methodologies, illustrating the potential for the development remote controlled and multi-responsive, artificial muscles and skin, respectively. This holds promise for transformative applications in regenerative medicine and tissue repair for Musculoskeletal disorders.