3D Bioplotter Research Papers

Iron-catalyzed laser-induced graphitization (IC-LIG) represents an eco-efficient alternative to traditional carbon electrode manufacturing. Combining a bio-based tannic acid-iron precursor ink with CO2 laser treatment results in sheet resistance of 23.59 ± 1.2Ω □−1 on renewable substrates. Varying the tannic-acid-to-iron ratio (TA:Fe), the rheology of the precursor ink can be tuned, enabling versatile application techniques, including spray coating, screen printing, and direct-ink-writing (DIW). Subsequent laser-treatment enables the formation of functional IC-LIG electrodes for all application methods, while even thick DIW-printed layers (260 µm) result in complex, conductive electrode patterns. Laser post-treatment expands design possibilities by locally tuning iron phases, such as…