3D Bioplotter Research Papers

The conventional approach for diagnosing high risk metabolic disorders, such as chronic kidney disease (CKD), involves drawing a blood sample, which necessitates access to a centralized facility, making it undesirable for frequent urea monitoring. Alternative biological fluids, such as saliva, have demonstrated potential as non-invasive mediums for CKD monitoring due to the strong correlation between blood urea and salivary urea levels, indicating their suitability for point-of-care test kits. In this study, we present an innovative chemiresistive paper-based enzymatic sensor that utilizes a combination of urease and polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) to measure urea. This sensor detects urea over a broad concentration…