3D Bioplotter Research Papers
Coffee parchment-derived nanocellulose as reinforcing agent in hydrogel inks for extrusion-based 3D printing of biphasic osteochondral scaffolds
Nano-reinforcement plays a crucial role in enhancing the mechanical properties, printability, and structural integrity of hydrogels for scaffold fabrication. This study explores the potential of TEMPO-oxidized nanocellulose (TONCs) derived from coffee parchment as a reinforcing agent in sodium alginate hydrogels for extrusion-based 3D printing of biphasic osteochondral scaffolds. TONCs were synthesized via TEMPO-mediated oxidation using sodium hypochlorite at 5, 10, 15, and 20 mmol/g, yielding cellulose nanofibers (TOCNFs: TONC-5, TONC-10) and cellulose nanocrystals (TOCNCs: TONC-15, TONC-20). Rheological analysis revealed that TONC-10-reinforced hydrogels exhibited the highest yield stress (75.2 Pa), consistency coefficient (323.8 Pa sⁿ), and printability index (0.929), attributed to…