3D Bioplotter Research Papers

The construction and regeneration of tissue-engineered auricles are pacesetters in tissue engineering and have realized their first international clinical application. However, the unstable regeneration quality and insufficient mechanical strength have become significant obstacles impeding its clinical promotion. The perichondrium is indispensable for the nutritional and vascular supply of the underlying cartilage tissue, as well as for proper anatomical functioning and mechanical performance. This study presents a novel strategy for integrated construction of bioengineered perichondrium with bioprinted cartilage to enhance the regeneration quality and mechanical properties of tissue-engineered auricles. Simulating the anatomical structure of the native auricle designs a sandwich construction…

The performance of Polysulfide Bromide Flow Batteries (PBS) is depended on the design of the electrodes, which plays a crucial role in ensuring optimal electrolyte distribution and conductivity. These factors are essential for facilitating efficient electrochemical kinetics. This study introduces a novel approach to electrode fabrication using polyacrylonitrile/graphene composites through 3D printing, which enhances structural uniformity and electrical conductivity. The incorporation of reduced graphene oxide, with an electrical conductivity of 23 S/m, into polyacrylonitrile-based electrodes substantially improves their electrical conductivity. Unlike traditional techniques that produce randomly oriented fibers, 3D printing offers precise control over electrode architecture. This enables uniform electrolyte…

Untethered robots, compared with their tethered counterparts, may bring enhanced autonomy. It is highly desirable to engineer multifunctional, lightweight, rapid, and low-voltage driven untethered soft robots that have enhanced adaptability and safer interaction capabilities. Here we present an untethered soft robot by a smart integration of 4D printed liquid crystalline elastomer (LCE) actuators with the associated electronics. The LCE artificial muscle, which consists of a modified LCE sandwiched between a polyimide based heating film and a silicone adhesive, not only has adjustable transition temperatures (39–46 °C) and modulus (0.61–2.57 MPa) but also has decent mechanical properties such as adequate rigidity…

Two high-compliance β-Ti alloys – Ti–12Nb–12Zr–12Sn and Ti–6Nb–6Mo–12Zr–12Sn (wt.%) – are manufactured into microlattices via 3D ink-extrusion printing of elemental and hydride powders, followed by sintering and solutionizing at 1400 °C. This study reveals that the formation of “oxygen-rich walls” plays a critical role in triggering embrittlement with intragranular cracking. In compression tests, the Ti–12Nb–12Zr–12Sn microlattices exhibit high compliance (2–6 GPa) but low collapse strength (25–115 MPa) along with semi-brittle behavior, even though stress-induced α” martensite is triggered: stress-strain serrations are explained by the oxygen-rich walls decorated with α plates and athermal ω nanostructures. Nanostructures along these walls are caused by the formation…

3D printing enables precise control over tablet design and drug release, but challenges remain in optimising ink formulation, ensuring printability, and predicting final tablet properties. This study addresses the need for data-driven strategies in fabricating chewable tablets and tests the hypothesis that integrating rheology with machine learning (ML) enables predictive control over print quality and dosage form performance. We developed drug nanosuspension inks with varying water content (85–20 wt.%) and identified 40% as optimal, balancing shear-thinning behaviour, yield stress, and shear recovery for consistent extrusion. Analytical models predicted strut diameter (D) based on printing parameters—pressure (P), speed (v), and nozzle…

Macrophage polarisation is crucial for initiating inflammation in response to biomaterial scaffolds, significantly influencing tissue integration and regeneration in vivo. Modulating macrophage polarisation towards a tissue-regeneration-favouring phenotype through the physical properties of scaffolds offers a promising strategy to enhance tissue regeneration while minimising unfavourable immune responses. However, the critical impact of scaffold physical properties, such as size-scale dimensions, orientation of architectural cues, and local-stiffness of these cues on macrophage polarisation, remains largely unexplored and inadequately understood. This study investigates the combinatorial effects of the physical properties of 3D scaffolds made from poly (-caprolactone) on human macrophage polarisation. Our findings indicate…

Biomaterials are widely used as orthopaedic implants and bone graft substitutes. We aimed to develop a rapid osteogenic assessment method using a murine tibial periosteal ossification model to evaluate the bone formation/remodelling potential of a biomaterial within 2–4 weeks. A novel hydroxyapatite/aragonite (HAA) biomaterial was implanted into C57BL/6 mice juxtaskeletally between the tibia and tibialis anterior muscle. Rapid intramembranous bone formation was observed at 14 days, with 4- to 8-fold increases in bone thickness and callus volume in comparison with sham-operated animals (p < 0.0001), followed by bone remodelling and a new layer of cortical bone formation by 28 days after implantation.…

Patients with chronic stenosis of their ear canal may benefit from additively manufactured individualized drug containing external ear canal implants (EECI) [1] that keep the ear canal open and support the healing of the affected tissue. To guarantee the safety of the patients, the sterilization of implants is important. Autoclaving is a fast and well-established sterilization method, but the heat of the process may damage any drug contained within the implants. To evaluate the suitability of autoclaving EECIs, we tested samples for bio-efficacy and the released drug amount within 3 days.

In vitro models of soft tissues, such as neural, vitreous, or hematopoietic human tissues, require three-dimensional (3D), soft, and functionalized constructs that mimic the complex extracellular microenvironment and support tissue growth and differentiation. While bioprinting has gained significant interest in bioengineering, there is limited research on process control for the biomanufacturing of soft tissues, which is still in its early stages. Material extrusion of suspended hydrogels has shown promise in processing low-viscosity inks, but challenges in developing bioinks that maintain good shape fidelity, repeatability, and long-term stability in culture media have slowly progressed. In this study, we optimize the bioprinting…

Three-dimensional (3D) printing incorporated with controlled delivery is an effective tool for complex tissue regeneration. Here, we explored a new strategy for spatiotemporal delivery of bioactive cues by establishing a precise-controlled micro-thin coating of hydrogel carriers on 3D-printed scaffolds. We optimized the printing parameters for three hydrogel carriers, fibrin cross-linked with genipin, methacrylate hyaluronic acid, and multidomain peptides, resulting in homogenous micro-coating on desired locations in 3D printed polycaprolactone microfibers at each layer. Using the optimized multi-head printing technique, we successfully established spatial-controlled micro-thin coating of hydrogel layers containing profibrogenic small molecules (SMs), Oxotremorine M and PPBP maleate, and a…

Cartilage tissue engineering (CTE) with the help of engineered constructs has shown promise for the regeneration of hyaline cartilage, where fibrocartilage may also be formed due to the biomechanical loading resulting from the host weight and movement. Previous studies have primarily reported on hyaline cartilage formation in vitro and/or in small animals, while leaving the fibrocartilage formation undiscovered. In this paper, we, at the first time, present a comparison study on hyaline cartilage versus fibrocartilage formation in a large animal model of pig by using two constructs (namely hydrogel and hybrid ones) engineered by means of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting. Both…

The conventional approach for diagnosing high risk metabolic disorders, such as chronic kidney disease (CKD), involves drawing a blood sample, which necessitates access to a centralized facility, making it undesirable for frequent urea monitoring. Alternative biological fluids, such as saliva, have demonstrated potential as non-invasive mediums for CKD monitoring due to the strong correlation between blood urea and salivary urea levels, indicating their suitability for point-of-care test kits. In this study, we present an innovative chemiresistive paper-based enzymatic sensor that utilizes a combination of urease and polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) to measure urea. This sensor detects urea over a broad concentration…

Developing cost-effective and scalable multi-material bioprinting technologies that combine multiple cell types is crucial to produce biomimetic, complex human tissue substitutes and overcome the scarcity of transplantable tissues. These technological developments can revolutionize the treatment of several conditions currently dependent on donor tissues, such as corneal blindness. Here, corneal structures consisting of two layers, stroma and epithelium, were manufactured by extrusion-based 3D bioprinting. To take steps towards clinical translation of bioprinting, three clinically compatible hyaluronic acid based bioinks were combined with human adipose tissue and induced pluripotent stem cell derived cell types. Each of the three bioinks was customized to…

Each year, 1 in every 700 babies is born with an orofacial cleft in the USA. Despite a well-established protocol for early cleft repair, the alveolar cleft persists during craniofacial growth. Current surgical treatments with bone grafts for alveolar cleft often provide inadequate nasal base support and insufficient alveolar bone volume for permanent tooth eruption. Here, we developed 3-dimensionally printed polycaprolactone scaffolds with controlled delivery of icariin (ICA) to facilitate bone reconstruction. After establishing a reliable fabrication process, we determined the optimal loading dose and release kinetics of ICA for induced osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells and…

Nano-reinforcement plays a crucial role in enhancing the mechanical properties, printability, and structural integrity of hydrogels for scaffold fabrication. This study explores the potential of TEMPO-oxidized nanocellulose (TONCs) derived from coffee parchment as a reinforcing agent in sodium alginate hydrogels for extrusion-based 3D printing of biphasic osteochondral scaffolds. TONCs were synthesized via TEMPO-mediated oxidation using sodium hypochlorite at 5, 10, 15, and 20 mmol/g, yielding cellulose nanofibers (TOCNFs: TONC-5, TONC-10) and cellulose nanocrystals (TOCNCs: TONC-15, TONC-20). Rheological analysis revealed that TONC-10-reinforced hydrogels exhibited the highest yield stress (75.2 Pa), consistency coefficient (323.8 Pa sⁿ), and printability index (0.929), attributed to…

The construction of three-dimensional (3D) in vitro lung tissue models mimicking the physiological structure of the native lung poses a huge challenge in tissue engineering. While advances in bioprinting technology has made fabrication of 3D lung models feasible, the bioinks and printed constructs often fall short in achieving desired mechanical and biological properties. Toward this, we aimed to develop a novel bioink and use it to print and characterize in vitro 3D lung models with living cells. We generated porcine lung extracellular matrix (LdECM) which was then strategically combined with other hydrogels – alginate, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), and collagen, to synthesize…

Treatment of critical-sized bone defects remains challenging despite bone’s regenerative capacity. Herein, a combination of a biodegradable polymer possessing bone-bonding properties with bioactive β-tricalcium phosphate (βTCP) particles coated with osteogenic (Zinc) and angiogenic (copper or cobalt) ions has been proposed. βTCP was coated with zinc and copper (Zn/Cu) or zinc and cobalt (Zn/Co) using 15 mM (low) or 45 mM (high) metallic ion solutions. Composites were obtained by a combination of the βTCP with poly(ethylene oxide terephthalate)/poly(butylene terephthalate) (PEOT/PBT) copolymer in a 50:50 ratio. Composites were additively manufactured into 3D porous scaffolds and their osteogenic and angiogenic properties evaluated using a direct…

3D printing has transformed scaffold production by enabling customizable, reproducible structures essential for effective bone tissue engineering. Therefore, the aim of this study was to obtain a series of 3D-printed structures consisting of bioglass (BG), whose bioactive properties support direct bonding with bone via a hydroxyapatite layer, and iron disulfide (FeS2), used in traditional Chinese medicine for promoting bone tissue formation, fracture healing, and pain alleviation. The BG 47S6 was obtained through the sol-gel method, while the iron disulfide nanoparticles were produced via a microwave-assisted solvothermal treatment. The powders were characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman…

Addressing critical-sized bone defects poses significant challenges due to the limitations of natural bone regeneration and conventional treatments like tissue transplantation. Bone tissue engineering and 3D bioprinting offer promising solutions by creating customized, biomimetic scaffolds. This study explores the innovative use of UiO-66 metal-organic framework (MOF) nanocrystals to enhance the osteoinductive and osteogenic properties of 3D bioprinted scaffolds. UiO-66 nanocrystals were synthesized and characterized, demonstrating uniform morphology and highly crystalline structure. These nanocrystals were then incorporated into alginate/methyl cellulose (AL/MC) hydrogel at various concentrations and print parameters were optimized based on physicochemical properties. AL/MC/UiO-66 optimized under specific conditions was then…

Eco-friendly materials are increasingly important for several applications due to growing environmental concerns, including in robotics and medicine. Within robotics, silicone-based soft grippers are recently developed owing to their high adaptability and versatility allowing to deal with various objects. However, the soft grippers are difficult to recycle and may cause increased environmental impact. Here biodegradable soft pneumatic actuators reinforced by cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) distributed in a matrix of gelatin are presented. The results show that adding CNF enables 3D printability and provides tunable mechanical properties for the actuators. The actuator performance, with a bending angle of 80° and a blocked…

Bioprinting of nanohydroxyapatite (nHA)-based bioinks has attracted considerable interest in bone tissue engineering. However, the role and relevance of the physicochemical properties of nHA incorporated in a bioink, particularly in terms of its printability and the biological behavior of bioprinted cells, remain largely unexplored. In this study, two bioinspired nHAs with different chemical compositions, crystallinity, and morphologies were synthesized and characterized: a more crystalline, needle-like Mg2+-doped nHA (N-HA) and a more amorphous, rounded Mg2+– and CO32–-doped nHA (R-HA). To investigate the effects of the different compositions and morphologies of these nanoparticles on the bioprinting of human bone marrow stromal cells…

Hydrogel-based scaffolds have been widely used in soft tissue regeneration due to their biocompatible and tissue-like environment for maintaining cellular functions and tissue regeneration. Understanding the mechanical properties and internal microstructure of hydrogel-based scaffold, once implanted, is imperative in tissue engineering applications and longitudinal studies. Notably, this has been challenging to date as various conventional characterization methods by, for example, mechanical testing (for mechanical properties) and microscope (for internal microstructure) are destructive as they require removing scaffolds from the implantation site and processing samples for characterization. Synchrotron radiation propagation-based imaging–computed tomography (SR-PBI-CT) is feasible and promising for non-destructive visualizing of…

Meniscal injury, a prevalent and challenging medical condition, is characterized by poor self-healing potential and a complex microenvironment. Tissue engineering scaffolds, particularly those made of silk fibroin (SF)/hyaluronic acid methacryloyl (HAMA) and encapsulating Mg2+, are promising options for meniscal repair. However, the inflammatory response following implantation is a significant concern. In this study, we prepared a composite SF/HAMA-Mg hydrogel scaffold, evaluated its physical and chemical properties, and detected its fibrochondrogenic differentiation effect in vitro and the healing effect in a rabbit meniscus defect model in vivo. Our results showed that the scaffold differentiates pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages into anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages…

Collagen gels are the standard dermal equivalents par excellence, however the problem of rapid cell-mediated contraction remains unresolved. Therefore, the development of hybrid constructs (HCs) based on collagen and polymeric scaffolds is proposed to address the mechanical instability that usually limits the formation of new, functional tissue. Equally important, these synthetic structures should be temporary (degradable) while ensuring that cells are well-adapted to the new extracellular environment. In this study, we screened a library of scaffolds made of various polymers, including homopolymers of polycaprolactone (PCL) and poly D,L-lactide (PLA50), their blends (PCL/PLA50), and copolymers (poly(D,L-lactide-co-caprolactone), PCLLA50) to prepare HCs in…

The successful replication of the intricate architecture of human tissues remains a major challenge in the biomedical area. Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has emerged as a promising approach for the biofabrication of living tissue analogues, taking advantage of the use of adequate bioinks and printing methodologies. Here, a hydrogel bioink based on gelatin (Gel) and nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC), cross-linked with genipin, was developed for the 3D extrusion-based bioprinting of hepatocarcinoma cells (HepG2). This formulation combines the biological characteristics of Gel with the exceptional mechanical and rheological attributes of NFC. Gel/NFC ink formulations with different Gel/NFC mass compositions, viz., 90:10, 80:20, 70:30,…

Bioprinting allows for the fabrication of tissue-like constructs by precise architecture and positioning of the bioactive hydrogels with living cells. This study was performed to determine the effect of very low concentrations of alginate (0.1, 0.3, and 0.5% w/v) on bioprinting of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) in gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA; 5% w/v)/alginate blend. Furthermore, while GelMA was photocrosslinked in all bioprinted constructs, the effect of crosslinking alginate with calcium chloride on the physical and biological characteristics of the constructs was investigated. The inclusion of low-concentration alginate improved the viscosity and printability of the formulation as well as the…

Hydrogels are the most common type of bioinks, yet, finding adequate biomaterials to develop suitable bioinks for 3D bioprinting remains challenging. Herein, innovative hydrogel bioinks were developed by combining nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) with a fucose-rich polysaccharide, FucoPol (FP), still unexplored for 3D bioprinting. NFC/FP bioinks with different mass proportions, namely 1:1, 2:1, 3:1 and 4:1, were prepared and denominated as NFC1FP, NFC2FP, NFC3FP and NFC4FP. A formulation without NFC was also prepared for comparison purposes (NFC0FP). The rheological properties of the bioinks were enhanced by the addition of NFC, as evidenced by the increase in shear viscosity from 1.39 ± 0.03 Pa s (NFC0FP)…

A functional bioink with potential in bone tissue engineering must be subjected to critical investigation throughout its intended lifespan. The aim of this study was to develop alginate–gelatin-based (Alg–Gel) multicomponent bioinks systematically and to assess the short- and long-term exposure responses of human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) printed within these bioinks with and without crosslinking. The first generation of bioinks was established by incorporating a range of cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs), to evaluate their effect on viscosity, printability and cell viability. Adding CNFs to Alg–Gel solution increased viscosity and printability without compromising cell viability. In the second generation of bioinks,…

In this study, a new hybrid nanoparticle composed of magnesium hydroxide and copper oxide (Mg(OH)2/CuO) with an optimized ratio of magnesium (Mg) to copper (Cu) was designed and incorporated into a 3D-printed scaffold made of polycaprolactone (PCL) and gelatin. These hybrid nanostructures (MCNs) were prepared using a green, solvent-free method. Their topography, surface morphology, and structural properties were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The fabricated 3D-printed PCL/Gelatin/MCN scaffolds were investigated in vitro and in vivo. Cell viability tests on murine calvarial preosteoblasts (MC3T3-E1) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells…

Background: Given the limitations of traditional therapies, the treatment of infected bone defects (IBD) remains a great challenge. It is urgent to find a novel method that can simultaneously eradicate infection and promote new bone formation. With the increasing application of personalized scaffolds in orthopedics, novel biomaterials with both antibacterial and osteoinductive properties have provided a viable option for IBD treatment. Through the three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, we fabricated a poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)(PLGA)/nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HA) composite scaffold grafted with the antibiotic vancomycin and loaded with the osteoinductive agent recombinant human bone morphogenic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) via polydopamine (DOPA) chemistry, whose therapeutic effects on…

Limbal epithelial stem cells (LSCs) are essential for corneal epithelium regeneration and visual acuity. The limbal niche’s physicochemical properties regulate LSC function, but their role is not fully understood. Developing in vitro models that mimic the native niche can enhance our understanding of niche functions, despite the challenges of niche complexity. In this study, we created a 3D bioprinted limbal niche model using a hybrid approach that combines two human pluripotent stem cell-derived LSC (hPSC-LSC) subpopulations (p63+ and ABCG2+ cells) within hyaluronic acid (HA)-based bioinks and a stiff polyacrylamide (PA) gel scaffold produced by conventional gel casting. We analyzed the…

Three-dimensional (3D) printing has evolved to incorporate controlled delivery systems to guide the regeneration of complex tissues, with limited clinical translation. The challenges include the limited precision in spatiotemporal delivery and poorly understood in vivo scaffold degradation rates. Here, we report auspicious preclinical outcomes in the functional regeneration of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) discs of mini-pigs. TMJ disc has been an extremely challenging target for regenerative engineering given the uniquely heterogeneous matrix distribution and region-variant anisotropic orientation. We optimally implemented advanced 3D printing technologies with micro-precise spatiotemporal delivery to build anatomically correct, bioactive scaffolds with native-like regionally variant microstructure and mechanical…

Myocardial infarction can cause irreversible damage to the heart muscle, which can lead to heart failure. The difficulty of the treatment mainly arises from the anisotropic behavior of the myocardium fibrous structure. Patches or cardiac restraint devices appear to be a promising approach to post-infarction treatment. In this study, we propose a new model-assisted method to design patterned membranes. The proposed approach combines computer experiments and statistical models to optimize the design parameters and to meet the requirement for the post-infarction treatment. Finite element model, global sensitivity analysis, random forest model and response surface model are the key components of…

Cerebral organoids (cORGs) obtained from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have become significant instruments for investigating human neurophysiology, with the possibility of simulating diseases and enhancing drug discovery. The current approaches require a strict process of manual inclusion in animal-derived matrix Matrigel® and are challenged by unpredictability, operators’ skill and expertise, elevated costs, and restricted scalability, impeding their extensive applicability and translational potential. In this study, we present a novel method to generate brain organoids that address these limitations. Our approach does not require a manual, operator-dependent embedding. Instead, it employs a chemically defined hydrogel in which the Matrigel® is…

Complex shapes are created from Yb14MnSb11, a high-temperature thermoelectric Zintl phase, via a two-step process: i) layer-by-layer 3D-extrusion of ink containing partially-reacted powders which are ball-milled from a blend of Yb, MnSb, and Sb powders; ii) heat treatment to synthesize the ternary compound Yb14MnSb11 and densify the extruded powders. A high phase purity for Yb14MnSb11 (83–94%) is achieved in both cast and 3D-extruded ink specimens via a solid-state reaction between Yb, MnSb, and Yb4Sb3 during reactive sintering. Pressure-free sintering at temperatures of 1200–1400 °C densifies the powders to 82% relative density but can also induce the decomposition of the Yb14MnSb11 phase…

The development of bioink formulations with suitable properties is fundamental for the progress of 3D bioprinting. The potential of cellulose, the most abundant biopolymer, in this realm has often been underestimated, relegating it essentially to a reinforcement additive of bioinks. In this work, cell-laden bioink formulations, composed exclusively of cellulose, viz., “all-cellulose bioinks”, were developed by combining carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) in different mass proportions (90/10, 80/20, and 70/30%). The incorporation of NFC increases the printability of the inks (from Pr = 0.7 to 0.9) while maintaining their shear-thinning behavior, and increasing contents of NFC also decrease…

This study investigates the additive manufacturing of 3D porous scaffolds based on walstromite-type silicate ceramics for bone tissue engineering applications. Walstromite powders were synthesized using the sol-gel method and printed using extrusion-based 3D printing. Both sintered and unsintered scaffolds were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analyses to evaluate the effects of sintering on microstructure, porosity, and mechanical properties. Results indicate that the unsintered scaffolds exhibited significantly higher compressive strength due to the presence of organic binders, whereas the sintered scaffolds demonstrated enhanced porosity, facilitating cell…

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a ubiquitous thermoplastic used in textiles and packaging, is one of the primary contributors to plastic pollution. While PET is also one of the most recycled plastics, it has value as a rich source of chemical building blocks. When PET is depolymerized by amino alcohols (“alkanolamines”) such as monoethanolamine (MEA), terephthalamide-diol molecules are produced. In the presence of thionyl chloride (SOCl2), these diols are amenable to transformation to the corresponding dichloride monomers, which can then be polymerized via condensation methods (i.e., Menshutkin reaction) with bisimidazole compounds followed by ion-exchange to yield polyamide (PA)-ionenes with tailored structures. The…

Extrusion-based 3D printing of thermoplastic polymers presents significant potential for bone tissue engineering. However, a key limitation is the frequent absence of filament porosity and the inherent osteoconductive properties. This study addresses these challenges by fabricating poly(lactide-co-trimethylene carbonate) (PLATMC) scaffolds with dual-scale porosity: macroporosity achieved through controlled filament spacing and microporosity introduced via NaCl leaching. The inclusion of NaCl generated rough, porous surfaces that were well-suited for dip-coating with magnesium-carbonate-doped hydroxyapatite (MgCHA), thereby imparting osteoconductive functionality. Thermal analysis revealed that salt incorporation had minimal impact on the polymer’s thermal stability. Rheological studies and computational modeling indicated that NaCl reduced the…

The increasing use of electronic devices raises concerns about resource availability and end-of-life management, particularly regarding conductors for interconnects and sensing elements. While gold and silver are the leading materials for interconnects, they pose challenges related to scarcity, cost, and toxicity. Zinc offers a promising alternative due to its good electrical conductivity, non-toxicity, abundance, and affordability. However, challenges in achieving high conductivity and waste generation from processing techniques like screen-printing remain. To address this, a zinc ink optimizes for 3D printing is proposed, using active zinc particles in a shellac matrix. The methods, including chemical and photonic sintering, achieve conductivities…

A wound, defined as a disruption in the continuity of the skin, is among the most common issues in the population and poses a significant burden on healthcare systems and economies worldwide. Despite the countless medical devices currently available to promote wound repair and skin regeneration, there is a growing demand for new skin devices that incorporate innovative biomaterials and advanced technologies. Bioglasses are biocompatible and bioactive materials capable of interacting with biological tissues. Due to their ability to promote fibroblast proliferation, angiogenesis, collagen production, and evade antibacterial activity, they have been suggested as key players in the skin regeneration…